Review of ChatGPT tools in education systems based on literature

Abstrak

Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly reshaped modern education, with ChatGPT emerging as one of the most influential generative AI tools supporting teaching, learning, and academic administration. This review synthesizes evidence from 65 peer-reviewed studies published since 2022 to evaluate ChatGPT’s educational applications, benefits, constraints, and ethical implications. Findings indicate that ChatGPT enhances personalized learning, academic writing, digital literacy, and instructional efficiency, while offering scalable support for large classrooms. Comparative analyses reveal that ChatGPT demonstrates superior linguistic coherence and reasoning compared to Gemini, Bing Chat/Copilot, and Claude. However, concerns persist regarding hallucinations, academic dishonesty, data privacy, infrastructural disparities, and faculty readiness. The review highlights the need for responsible governance frameworks, AI literacy programs, and equitable institutional policies. Future directions include longitudinal research on learning outcomes, inclusive AI design, cross-cultural adoption patterns, and evolving teacher–student dynamics in AI-augmented environments.